Sk type sshape double regulated horizontal kaplan turbine. The water passage is still considerably straight, thus, excessive losses on. Shear type, oblique type, and the combination of shear and oblique types. Its efficiency is better than s type tubular turbine unit and its cost is lower than bulb tubular unit. The approximate ranges of head, flow and power applicable to the different turbine types are summarised in the chart of figure 1 up to 500kw power. Its efficiency is better than stype tubular turbine unit and its cost is. Further a manual separated operation of each guide vane servomotor will be possible in such. Constructed as a monoblock and can be used in both vertical and horizontal versions. In the overall assessment of a low head project, the application of bulbpit turbines results in higher annual energy and lower relative construction costs. Kaplan ver cal turbine the ver cal kaplan turbine is highly versa le and works with a range of site condi ons.
Worlds third largest kaplan turbine to be installed at a brazilian hydropower plant in 2014, andritz hydro was subcontracted by construtora triunfo sa, an experienced company in implementing power generation projects, to supply the electromechanical equipment for the sinop hydropower plant in brazil. S type tubular turbine francis, turgo, pelton, kaplan. Water flows through the impulse turbine and loses all pressure. Kaplan turbine schematic siemens turbine specific speed different from pump specific speed power replaces volumetric flow rate tells broadly what type of turbine to use. Runner is fitted to the generator shaft or a 3 or 4 4bearing turbinegenerator arrangement. For horizontal pelton turbines the width of the turbine pit. What is the differences between pelton turbine and kaplan. The andritz hydro kaplan turbine is utilized on a low head application with up to 90 m and a unit output of up to more than 230 mw. Pdf due to the growing exploitation of the worldwide smallscale hydro power potential high specific speed hydraulic turbinestypically used. The kaplan turbine is a propellertype water turbine that has adjustable blades.
Adaptions of a modeltested kaplan turbine for a costeffective hydro. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. Pit type tubular turbine adopts conical water distributor that mainly includes the inner and outer chambers of the guide vane, guide vane, guide vane arm, connecting rod and control ring, etc. The design allows larger jet of water to be directed at an angle onto the runner face. Kaplan turbines could technically work across a wide range of heads and flow rates, but because of other turbine types being more effective on higher heads, and because kaplan s are relative expensive, they are the turbine of choice for lower head sites with high flow rates. Kaplan type turbine model at indian institute of technology, roorkee, india and rated output power is 100kw. The kaplan turbine with its adjustable guide vanes and runner blade allows for the optimal of varying water flow for lower heads and larger discharges. Pdf adaptions of a modeltested kaplan turbine for a costeffective. The kaplan is of the propellertype, similar to an airplanepropeller. The vertical configuration of the kaplan turbine allows for larger runner diameters above 10 m and increased unit power, as compared to bulb turbines. Kaplan reaction turbines are axial flow turbines in which the flow is parallel to the axis of the shaft. What is a turbine a turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fast moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it into useful work. Cavitation prediction in a kaplan turbine using standard and optimized model parameters. Typical operation range of the saxo, kaplan and tubular turbines vious two decades see table 1.
The relationship between the costs of kaplan type turbines c k and a flow rate q in m 3 s indicated two different bands. Kaplan turbine is employed, where a large quantity of water is available. The reverse archimedes screw and the overshot waterwheel are both gravity turbines. Vacuum breaking valves on turbine top cover set of chequered plates for platform in turbine pit only set of monorail and chain pulley block for assembly and dismantling guide vanesguide bearing. It can work more efficiently at low water head and high flow rates as compared with other types of turbines. Kaplan turbine is an axial reaction flow turbine and has adjustable blades if water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known as the axial flow turbine and if the head of the inlet of the turbine is the sum of pressure energy and kinetic energy during the flow of water through a runner a part of pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy, the. Stype kaplan for medium outputs, where the bulb is not yet large enough to accommodate a generator but a bevel gear cannot transfer the output any more, the type ar s rangement is proposed fig. The third item, optimum head loss within the conduit, can be determined from a sub. Turbine selection selection of the hydraulic turbines type is not always easy for the system design as we can use various turbine types in different applications. Kaplan turbine its components, working and application.
It consists of spiral casing, guide mechanism and draft tube of kaplan turbine runner are similar to those of francis turbine. The kaplan turbine is a propeller type water turbine with 4 to 7 adjustable blades. Kaplan turbines are widely used throughout the world for electrical power production. Vertical axis small kaplan turbine, elbow draft tube. Water turbines are mostly found in dams to generate electric power from water potential energy. An example of this type of turbine selection is given in section 4. The pit turbine, which is a variation of the bulb turbine, also finds its application in the head range of 1. Pit type turbine is a variation of stype arrangements. A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Pdf at present, hydro power as renewable energy is not able to fully. Saxotype turbine is the most known litostroj power solution in the vertical tubular unit arrangement.
The subject of the investigations presented in this paper is a horizontal axis kaplan pit type turbine with three runner blades and a specific speed of n q 263. Guide on how to develop a small hydropower plant esha 2004 6 electromechanical equipment1 this chapter gives the main description of the electromechanical equipment, some preliminary design rules and some selection criterion. The two main types of reaction turbine are the propeller turbine with kaplan variant and the francis turbine. It was developed in 19 by austrian professor viktor kaplan, who combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level the kaplan turbine was an evolution of the francis turbine. A look around the intake pit on a 200hp kaplan hydro turbine. Small hydro turbine gearboxes highlyeffi cient customized gearboxes for small hydro power plants. Kaplan turbine low working head, axial water flow, high specific speed, very high discharge and reaction type of turbine. From the outlet of the buckets the water falls through the pit down into the tail water canal. Very simple kaplan turbine design durham university.
The kaplan turbine is a propellertype water turbine which has adjustable blades. Very simple kaplan turbine design grant ingram 30th january 2007 nomenclature b blade height g gravitational acceleration h head k loss coe. Modelling and analysis of a very low head kaplan turbine. Description of the different types of turbines used for electricity production. A schematic of a turbine of this type is shown in figure 9. Kaplan turbine is a propeller type water turbine along with the adjustable blades. Impulse turbines are generally suitable for high head, low flow rate applications. Francis and kaplan turbines belong to this category. Low head hydro market assessment volume 1 main report final. Vertical shaft kaplan type hydraulic turbines each with a capacity of. Pdf cavitation prediction in a kaplan turbine using.
Kaplan turbines could technically work across a wide range of heads and flow rates, but because of other turbine types being more effective on higher heads, and because kaplans are relative expensive, they are the turbine of choice for lower head sites with high flow rates. Francis and kaplan turbines notes for civil engineering. Mainly it is designed for low head water applications. The discharge water of the impulse turbine is normally at atmospheric pressure. Pittype turbines with a speed increaser located between the. In the overall assessment of a low head project, the application of bulb pit turbines results in higher annual energy and lower relative construction costs.
Pit type turbines with a speed increaser located between the. Set of chain pulley block and longitude monorails for handling drainage and dewatering pumps. The characteristic feature of this turbine is that the turbine components as well as the generator are housed inside a bulb, from which the name is developed. Introduction to turbine machinery university of ljubljana. This operates in an entirely closed conduit to tailrace. The most compact and efficient design of propeller turbine for lowhead applications is the bulb turbine in which the generator attached to the turbine shaft is housed in a watertight pod, or bulb, directly behind the turbine runner. The bulb turbine is a reaction turbine of kaplan type which is used for extremely low heads. The generator with a speedincreasing gearbox is contained within the upstream pit. These type of turbines typically cover the head range similar to kaplan units, meaning they can be employed over 1075 m heads, usually at discharges below 100 cms. The turbine casing, with the runner fully immersed in water, must be strong enough to withstand the operating pressure.
Kaplan turbine the kaplan turbine is a greatdevelopment of early 19thcentury. Home products kaplan turbine kaplan turbine designed for heads from 1. Hydrohelp 1 turbine selection baker issue, january 2009. Guide wheel performs the function of operational closure and the system is solved by gravity or pressure accumulator. Ssk type sshape single regulated horizontal kaplan turbine. The most common types are pelton, francis, kaplan and mixedflow turbines. Having analysed the data for different types of turbines received from the manufacturers, the following formulae were derived. Axial flow turbine with movable blades is called kaplan turbines. A water turbine is a rotary machine that converts kinetic energy and potential energy of water into mechanical work water turbines were developed in the 19th century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. With a double regulation system, kaplan turbines provide high efficiency over a broad range of configurations. General arrangements for pelton, francis, kaplan and kaplan bulb turbine.
Synchronizing is done by manual load control to adjust speed. The degree of efficiency is very high with more than 95 %. The differences between bulb tubular turbine and pit type tubular turbine are the water diversion chamber, water distributor and draft tube. Vt type double regulated vertical kaplan turbine small. Radial flow turbomachines common types francis turbine centrifugal pump francis turbine cutaway three gorges francis turbine. Two parallel turbines have greater flexibility of operation when flow rates vary. Design analysis of bulb turbine indian institute of. Kaplan turbine it is an axial flow reaction turbine. Turbines that operate in this way are called reaction turbines.
Experiences show that investors of hydropower plants. The headwater level sensor after the trash rack was placed on a ladder in a maintenance pitshaft of. Two smaller turbines running at higher speed may be not much more costly than one large turbine. Zk type zshape saxo double regulated vertical kaplan turbine. Introduction to turbine machinery univerza v ljubljani. The saxo turbine an interesting selection for reliable and e. Typical crosssection of the saxo turbine water passage fig. Propellertype kaplan turbine adjustable blades bulbtype bulge in pipe wind turbine bonneville dam kaplan turbine kaplan turbine schematic. A propeller type turbine with adjustable runner blades. Hydraulic turbineshydraulic turbines raven mechanical. What is the differences between pelton turbine and kaplan turbine. The kaplan turbine is a propeller type water turbine which has adjustable blades. Kaplan turbine is a low headturbine and used for heads ofless than 80 meters. Set of chequered plates for platform in turbine pit only.
Bulb hydro turbine unrivaled power capacity ratio for low heads with more than 300 bulb units installed worldwide, ge brings expertise in design, manufacturing, installation, commissioning and management of complex bulb projects, for a wide range of environmental conditions. Kaplan turbines bulbtype bevel gearboxes of type khve up to 3 mw horizontal and inclined kaplan turbines stype and pittype helical horizontal gear units of type zph for power range 450 kw 6 mw. Turbine cavitation if water pressure drops below vapor pressure at any point, cavitation will occur not a big problem upstream of turbine. The subject of the investigations presented in this paper is a horizontal axis kaplan pittype turbine with three runner blades and a specific speed of n q 263.
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